Study of Association of Tear Film Abnormalities in All Grades of Primary Pterygium Cases using Schirmer’s Test 1 & 2
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: One of the frequent ocular disorders affecting people in their middle and advanced years of age is pterygium. It is a benign, proliferative disorder of the conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue that has the potential to impair vision. Clinical examination can quickly diagnose and stage it. Sunlight exposure is believed to be the most significant element in the development of pterygium. Dry eyes, smoking, prolonged outdoor activity, low socioeconomic position, and high altitudes are additional risk factors. If it grows onto the cornea's centre, a major problem is the obliteration of the visual axis. Another reason for impaired vision is the development of irregular astigmatism brought on by flattening of the cornea in the horizontal meridian.
Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the association of Tear film abnormalities with all grades of pterygium
Materials and Methods: The current study was a single-center observational study that was conducted out from December 2020 to July 2022 in the ophthalmology division of Sri Siddhartha Medical College hospital and Research Centre, Tumkur, on patients who attended the OPD with primary pterygium, regardless of treatment. According to the study's inclusion criteria, a total of 91 participants who were diagnosed with pterygium were enrolled.
Results: The majority of participants (34.07%) were between the ages of 61 and 70. Pterygium prevalence was higher in females (65.93%) than in males (34.07%) with a 1.96:1 ratio. The majority of the participants (69.23%) had progressive pterygium, followed by regressive pterygium (15.38%) & atrophic pterygium (15.38%). The mean scores of the schirmers tests 1 and 2 in both eyes differed significantly statistically depending on the degree of pterygium (p=0.03).
Conclusions: Pterygium is one of the most common ocular conditions in our nation, primarily affecting people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Pterygium has been linked to tear film abnormalities.
Keywords: Dry eyes, Pterygium, Tear Film.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Wu K, He M, Xu J, Li S. Pterygium in aged population in Doumen County, China. Yan Ke Xue Bao. 2002 ;18:181–4.
II. McCarty CA, Fu CL, Taylor HR. Epidemiology of pterygium in Victoria, Australia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84:289–92.
III. Chui J, Di Girolamo N, Wakefield D, Coroneo MT. The pathogenesis of pterygium: current concepts and their therapeutic implications. Ocul Surf.2008;6:24–43
IV. Detorakis ET, Spandidos DA. Pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment options for ophthalmic pterygium: trends and perspectives (Review). Int J Mol Med.2009; 23:439–47.
V. Nelson JD, Craig JP, Akpek EK, et al. TFOS DEWS II Introduction. Ocul Surf. 2017; 15:269–75.
VI. Clayton JA. Dry eye. N Engl J Med. 2018;378: 2212–23
VII. Baudouin C, Messmer EM, Aragona P, et al. Revisiting the vicious circle of dry eye disease: a focus on the pathophysiology of meibomian gland dysfunction. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016; 100:300–6.
VIII. Y. Ohashi, R. Ishida, T. Kojima et al., “Abnormal protein profiles in tears with dry eye syndrome,” The American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 291–299, 2003.
IX. Craig JP, Downie LE. Tears and Contact Lenses. Contact Lenses. 2019 Jan 1:97-116.
X. Miyake H, Kawano Y, Tanaka H, Iwata A, Imanaka T, Nakamura M. Tear volume estimation using a modified Schirmer test: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind trial comparing 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution and artificial tears in dry eye patients. ClinOphthalmol. 2016; 10:879-86.
XI. Brott NR, Ronquillo Y. Schirmer test. InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 May 9. StatPearls Publishing.
XII. Stevens S. Schirmer's test. Community Eye Health. 2011 Dec; 24(76):45.
XIII. Hosseini H, Nejabat M, Khalili MR. Bevacizumab (Avastin) as a potential novel adjunct in the management of pterygia. Med hypotheses. [Journal on the internet] 2007 [cited 2017 Sep 26]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17367957 [Epub].
XIV. Wu P-C, Kuo H-K, Tai M-H, Shin S-J. Topical bevacizumab eyedrops for limbal-conjunctival neovascularization in impending recurrent pterygium Cornea.2009; 28:103–4.
XV. Hercules LA, Viveiros MM, Schellini SA, Candeias J, Padovani CR. Exposure of Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts of pterygium to cyclosporin 0.05%. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2006; 69:831-5.
XVI. Anguria P, Ntuli S, Interewicz B, Carmichael T. Traditional eye medication and pterygium occurrence in Limpopo Province. South Afr Med J Suid-Afr Tydskr Vir Geneeskd. 2012; 102:687–90.
XVII. Ajayi Iyiade A, Omotoye Olusola J. Pattern of eye diseases among welders in a Nigeria community. Afr Health Sci. 2012; 12:210–6.
XVIII. Droutsas K, Sekundo W. [Epidemiology of pterygium. A review]. Ophthalmol Z Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges. 2010; 107:511–2, 514–6.
XIX. Saw SM, Banerjee K, Tan D. Risk factors for the development of pterygium in Singapore: a hospital-based case-control study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand.2000; 78:216–20.
XX. Moustafa K N, Abdel-Rahman E, Mohamed H A, Khaled EG, Ahmed M S.Clinical, pathological, and molecular aspects of recurrent versus primarypterygium.MenoufiaMedicalJournal2014,27:386–394.